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| cultural_origins = 1970s, The Bronx, New York City | instruments = | derivatives = | subgenres = * Alternative hip hop * Christian hip hop * Conscious hip hop * Experimental hip hop * Freestyle rap * Gangsta rap * Homo hop * Hardcore hip hop * Horrorcore * Instrumental hip hop * Mafioso rap * Nerdcore * Political hip hop * Baltimore club * Bounce * Brick City club * Chicano rap * Native American hip hop * Jerkin' | fusiongenres = * Country rap * Australian hip hop * Hip hop soul * Hip house * Crunk * Hyphy * Jazz rap * Merenrap * Neo soul * Nu metal * Nuyorican rap * Ragga * Reggaeton * Rap opera * Rap rock * Rapcore * Rap metal * Cumbia rap * Merenrap * Hiplife * Low Bap * Ghettotech * Glitch hop * Wonky * Industrial hip hop * New jack swing * Psychedelic hip hop | regional_scenes = * Atlanta hip hop * Bangladeshi hip hop * Desi hip hop * East Coast hip hop * West Coast hip hop * North Coast hip hop * Southern hip hop * Midwest hip hop * British hip hop * French hip hop * Turkish hip hop * Kenyan hip hop * Japanese hip hop * Korean hip hop * Israeli hip hop * Nepalese hip hop * Romanian hip hop | popularity = Worldwide since the 1980s | current_year = yes }} Hip hop music, also called hip-hop〔Merriam-Webster Dictionary entry on hip-hop, retrieved from (merriam-webster.com ): A subculture especially of inner-city black youths who are typically devotees of rap music; the stylized rhythmic music that commonly accompanies rap; also rap together with this music.〕〔 or rap music,〔Encyclopædia Britannica article on rap, retrieved from (britannica.com ): Rap, musical style in which rhythmic and/or rhyming speech is chanted (“rapped”) to musical accompaniment. This backing music, which can include digital sampling (music and sounds extracted from other recordings), is also called hip-hop, the name used to refer to a broader cultural movement that includes rap, deejaying (turntable manipulation), graffiti painting, and break dancing.〕〔AllMusic article for rap, retrieved from (AllMusic.com )〕〔Harvard Dictionary of Music article for rap, retrieved from (CredoReference )〕 is a music genre consisting of a stylized rhythmic music that commonly accompanies rapping, a rhythmic and rhyming speech that is chanted.〔 It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements: MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling (or synthesis), and beatboxing. While often used to refer to rapping, "hip hop" more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture.〔Harvard Dictionary of Music article for hip hop, retrieved from (Google Books ): While often used to refer to rap music, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of entire subculture〕〔AllMusic article for Hip-hop/Urban, retrieved from (AllMusic.com ): Hip-Hop is the catch-all term for rap and the culture it spawned.〕 The term ''hip hop music'' is sometimes used synonymously with the term ''rap music'',〔〔Encyclopædia Britannica article on hip-hop, retrieved from (britannica.com ): Hip-hop, cultural movement that attained widespread popularity in the 1980s and ’90s; also, the backing music for rap, the musical style incorporating rhythmic and/or rhyming speech that became the movement’s most lasting and influential art form.〕 though rapping is not a required component of hip hop music; the genre may also incorporate other elements of hip hop culture, including DJing, turntablism, and scratching, beatboxing, and instrumental tracks. Hip hop as music and culture formed during the 1970s when block parties became increasingly popular in New York City, particularly among African American youth residing in the Bronx.〔Dyson, Michael Eric, 2007, ''Know What I Mean? : Reflections on Hip-Hop'', Basic Civitas Books, p. 6.〕 At block parties DJs played percussive breaks of popular songs using two turntables to extend the breaks. Hip hop's early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum-machines became widely available and affordable. Turntablist techniques developed along with the breaks and the Jamaican toasting vocal style was used. Rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks along with an instrumental or synthesized beat. Notable artists at this time include DJ Kool Herc, Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five, Fab Five Freddy, Marley Marl, Afrika Bambaataa, Kool Moe Dee, Kurtis Blow, Doug E. Fresh, Whodini, the Fat Boys, and Spoonie Gee. The Sugarhill Gang's 1979 song "Rapper's Delight" is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain widespread popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles.〔Benson, G. (2010).''Lonely Planet USA'', Lonely Planet〕 Prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began its spread and became a part of the music scene in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the second wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D.M.C. and LL Cool J. The Golden age hip hop period was an innovative period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, Eric B. & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles and impoverished conditions of inner-city youths. Schoolly D, N.W.A, Ice-T, Ice Cube, and the Geto Boys are artists most frequently associated with the founding of gangsta rap. These artists were known for mixing the political and social commentary of political rap with the criminal elements and crime stories found in gangsta rap. In the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. East Coast hip hop in the early to mid 1990s was dominated by the Afrocentric jazz rap and alternative hip hop of the Native Tongues posse as well as the hardcore rap of artists such as Nas, Wu-Tang Clan, and Notorious B.I.G.. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging on the national scene, such as Southern rap and Atlanta hip hop. At the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, an example being Neo soul. Hip hop became a best-selling music genre in the mid-1990s and the top selling music genre by 1999. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop. The United States also saw the success of styles such as crunk, a music that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane. During the mid-2000s that alternative hip hop secured a place within the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. == Origin of the term == Creation of the term ''hip hop'' is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was still known as ''disco rap''. It is believed that Cowboy created the term while teasing a friend who had just joined the U.S. Army, by scat singing the words "hip/hop/hip/hop" in a way that mimicked the rhythmic cadence of soldiers marching.〔 Cowboy later worked the "hip hop" cadence into a part of his stage performance, which was quickly used by other artists such as The Sugarhill Gang in "Rapper's Delight".〔 Universal Zulu Nation founder Afrika Bambaataa is credited with first using the term to describe the subculture in which the music belonged; although it is also suggested that it was a derogatory term to describe the type of music.〔(Zulunation.com ) (cached)〕 The first use of the term in print was in ''The Village Voice'',〔Hagar, Steven. "Afrika Bambaataa’s Hip-Hop," ''The Village Voice''〕 by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop.〔Hager, Steven. Hip Hop: The Illustrated History of Break Dancing, Rap Music, and Graffiti. St Martins Press, 1984 (out of print).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hip hop music」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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